Aryl substituted 1,4-diazepanes and method of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Aryl substituted 1,4-diazepanes are provided such as derivatives of 6-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one and 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole-1,1-dioxide. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more of the aryl substituted 1,4-diazepanes. The aryl substituted 1,4-diazepanes are useful for treating disorders or deficiencies associated with the 5-HT2C receptor.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. provisional applications Ser. Nos.: 60/308,645, 60/308,650, and 60/308,658, all filed on Jul. 30, 2001. The disclosures of the '645, '650, and '658 provisional applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to aryl substituted 1,4-diazepanes having affinity at the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5HT2C) receptor and functioning as agonists at that receptor. Compounds having this activity are useful for the treatment of disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, migraine, sleep disorders, eating disorders, sexual dysfunction, obesity, and epilepsy.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Serotonin is localized in the central and peripheral nervous systems and is known to affect many types of conditions including psychiatric disorders, feeding behavior, sexual activity, and neuroendocrine regulation among others. 5-HT2C receptor ligands are believed to be of potential use in the treatment of certain central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobias, and panic disorder; affective (i.e., mood) disorders such as depression, atypical depression and bipolar disorders; psychoses involving gross impairment of reality such as schizophrenia and related disorders; sleep disorders; eating disorders (e.g., anorexia, and bulimia); obesity; epilepsy; diabetes; and migraine. EP556889A1 reports the synthesis of arylpiperazines and arylhomopiperazines. WO99/32461 presents a scenario similar to EP556889A1 with the homopiperazine attached to the 1-position of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl ring.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel aryl substituted 1,4-diazepanes, such as derivatives of 6-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1 (2H)-one and 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole-1,1-dioxide; to processes for their preparation; to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their use in therapy. These compounds are believed to have affinity at the serotonin 5-hydroxytrptamine 2C (5HT2C) receptor and are believed to function as agonists at that receptor. Compounds having this activity are useful for the treatment of disorders such as anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobias, and panic disorder; affective (i.e., mood) disorders such as depression, atypical depression and bipolar disorders; psychoses involving gross impairment of reality such as schizophrenia; sleep disorders; eating disorders (e.g., anorexia and bulimia); obesity; epilepsy; diabetes; and migraine.

Compounds of this invention include those of Formula (1) or a non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

where:

X is C or N;

Y is CH₂, C═O, S═O, or SO₂;

Z is N or C;

R₁, R_(1a) and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, or heteroarylalkyl group;

R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, alkanoyl, CN, CHO, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, OCOOalkyl, OCOOaryl, OCONR₁₈, COOH, COOalkyl, COOaryl, CONR₁₈R₁₉, CONHOH, NR₁₈R₁₉, SO₂NR₁₈R₁₉, NO₂, NH₂, or OH group, where R₁₈ and R₁₉ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, COalkyl, COaryl, COheteroaryl, COOalkyl, COOaryl, COOheteroaryl, CONHalkyl, CON(alkyl)₂, CONHaryl, CONHheteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, S(O)_(m)-alkyl or S(O)_(m)-aryl group, where m is 0, 1 or 2;

R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or heteroaryl group; and

where p is 1 when X is carbon and p is zero when X is nitrogen.

Preferred compounds of the present invention are represented by the general Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

where:

X is either C or N;

Y is either CH₂, C(O) or SO₂;

R₁, R_(1a), and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, or alkenyl group; and

R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are dedined as before.

A second preferred class of compounds of the present invention is represented by Formulas (III) or (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

where

R₁ and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, or heteroarylalkyl group; and

R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are defined as before.

A third preferred class of compounds of the present invention is represenited by Formulas (V) or (VI), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

where:

R₁, R_(1a) and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, or heteroarylalkyl group; and

R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are defined as before.

A fourth preferred class of compounds of the present invention is represented by Formulas (VII) or (VIII), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

where:

R₁, R_(1a) and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, or heteroarylalkyl group; and

R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are defined as before.

A fifth preferred class of compounds of the present invention is represented by Formulas (IX) or (X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

where:

R₁ and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, or heteroarylalkyl group; and

R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are defined as before.

Within each of the classes of compounds of Formulas (I) through (X), it is preferred that the moiety:

where R₂₁, R₂₂, and R₂₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or heteroaryl group, and R₁₁ is defined as before for each formula.

In another embodiment of Formulas (I) through (X), the variables R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀ R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆ and R₁₇ are preferably hydrogen and R₁₁ is defined as before for each formula.

In another embodiment of Formulas (I) through (X), the variables R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are each hydrogen and R₁ and R₇ through R₁₇ are as defined before for each formula.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Compounds of the invention include those of Formula (I) or a non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof

where:

X is C or N;

Y is CH₂, C═O, S═O, or SO₂;

Z is Cor N;

R₁, R_(1a), and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkenyl, or heteroarylalkyl group;

R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, alkanoyl, CN, CHO, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, OCOOalkyl, OCOOaryl, OCONR₁₈, COOH, COOalkyl, COOaryl, CONR₁₈R₁₉, CONHOH, NR₁₈R₁₉, SO₂NR₁₈R₁₉, NO₂, NH₂, or OH group, where R₁₈ and R₁₉ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, perfluoroalkyl, COalkyl, COaryl, COheteroaryl, COOalkyl, COOaryl, COOheteroaryl, CONHalkyl, CON(alkyl)₂, CONHaryl, CONHheteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, S(O)_(m)-alkyl or S(O)_(m)-aryl group, where m is 0, 1 or 2;

R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or heteroaryl group; and where p is 1 when X is carbon and p is zero when X is nitrogen.

As used in connection with Formulas (I) through (X):

“alkyl” is defined as a C₁₋₈ alkyl group, that may optionally be substituted with one to three groups independently selected from R₂₀;

“R₂₀” is hydrogen, halogen, or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, alkanoyl, CN, CHO, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, OCOOalkyl, OCOOaryl, OCONR₁₈, COOH, COOalkyl, COOaryl, CONR₁₈R₁₉, CONHOH, NR₁₈R₁₉, SO₂NR₁₈R₁₉, NO₂, NH₂, OH, S(O)_(m)-alkyl or S(O)_(m)-aryl group, where m is 0, 1 or 2, R₁₈ and R₁₉ are defined as in Formula (I), and the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, alkanoyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, OCOOalkyl, OCOOaryl, COOalkyl, COOaryl, S(O)_(m)-alkyl and S(O)_(m)-aryl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more halogens (referred to hereinafter as “halogenated”);

“alkenyl” is defined as a C₃₋₁₀ alkenyl group having 1 to 2 double bonds, that may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from R₂₀;

“alkynyl” is defined as a C₃₋₁₀ alkynyl group having 1-2 triple bonds, that may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from R₂₀;

“aryl” is defined as

optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from R₂₀,

“arylalkyl” is a type of alkyl (where one R₂₀ is aryl) or aryl (where one R₂₀ is alkyl) as defined above that contains at least one alkyl group and at least one aryl group, that may optionally be substituted on the aryl and/or alkyl portion of the arylalky with one to three groups independently selected from R₂₀; examples include methoxybenzyl, phenylethyl, or phenylpropyl;

“cycloalkyl” is defined as C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from R₂₀ such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl;

“cycloheteroalkyl” is defined as

where T is defined as NR₁₈, O, or S (R₁₈ being defined the same as in Formula (I)), and where each cycloheteroalkyl group may optionally be substituted with one to six groups independently selected from R₂₀; it being understood that a carbon of the cycloheteroalkyl may optionally be double bonded to either O or S to form for example, a lactam or urea;

“heteroaryl” is defined as

where T is defined as before and where each heteroaryl moiety is optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from R₂₀; and

“halogen” is defined as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)”, as used herein, are the acid addition salts which can be formed from a compound of Formulas (I) through (X) and a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as, for example, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, citric, maleic, fumaric, acetic, lactic or methanesulfonic acid. By the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” it is meant a substance that is acceptable for use in pharmaceutical applications from a toxicological perspective and does not adversely interact with the active ingredient.

Preferred compounds include those of Formula (I) where:

Z is N;

Y is C═O or SO₂;

R₁ and R_(1a) are independently selected from hydrogen, an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, halogenated C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or combinations thereof, an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group, a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups, an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group, a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or halogenated alkoxy C₁ to C₃ groups, or a C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group; and more preferably are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, or allyl;

R₁₁ is selected from hydrogen, an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, halogenated C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, CN, COOalkyl, COOaryl or combinations thereof, an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group, a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups, an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group, a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or halogenated C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, or a C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group; and more preferably is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, trifluoromethoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexyl, allyl, methylallyl, 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl, ethoxyethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanobutyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, benzyloxycarbonyl methyl;

at least two of R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are hydrogen and more preferably each of R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are hydrogen; or

at least two of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are hydrogen and more preferably each of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are hydrogen; or

any combination of the above preferred variables for Formula (I).

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention R₁ and R_(1a) are the same when X of Formula (I) is carbon.

Preferred compounds of the present invention also include those compounds of Formulas (II) through (X) previously defined herein.

Further, with respect to Formulas (III) and (IV), in a preferred embodiment R₁ is hydrogen, an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group, a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups, an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group, a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, or a C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group, and more preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, or allyl. R₁₁ is preferably hydrogen, an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group, a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups, an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group, a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or C₁ to C₃ halogenated alkoxy groups, or a C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group, and more preferably hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, trifluoromethoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl or cyclohexylmethyl.

With respect to Formulas (V), (VI), (VII) and (VIII), in a preferred embodiment R₁ and R_(1a) are independently selected from hydrogen, an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group, a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups, an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group, or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, and more preferably are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, benzyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl. R₁₁ is preferably hydrogen, an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group, a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups, an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group, a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or C₁ to C₃ halogenated alkoxy groups, or a C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group, and more preferably is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, trifluoromethoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexyl, allyl, methylallyl, or 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl.

With respect to Formulas (IX) and (X), in a preferred embodiment, R₁ is hydrogen, an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group, a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups, an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group, a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, or a C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group, and more preferably is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, or allyl. R₁₁ is preferably hydrogen, an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, CN, COOalkyl, COOaryl or combinations thereof, an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group, a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups, an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group, a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or C₁ to C₃ halogenated alkoxy groups, or a C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group, and more preferably is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, trifluoromethoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexyl, allyl, methylallyl, 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl, ethoxyethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanobutyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, or benzyloxycarbonylmethyl.

Compounds of the present invention may be prepared by those skilled in the art of organic synthesis using methods disclosed herein, which utilize readily available reagents and starting materials. While the synthesis methods disclosed herein provide specific synthesis examples, one skilled in the art of organic synthesis will be able to produce a variety of compounds falling under Formula (I), based on these synthesis examples in combination with techniques known to those skilled in organic synthesis.

The 4-(homo)piperazinyl isobenzylindoles of the present invention may be synthesized, for example, by the reaction scheme shown below.

In this reaction scheme, the reaction of isobenzoindole (2) and bromine gives the corresponding 4-bromo-isobenzoindole (3). Compound (3) can then be alkylated using different alkyl iodides to give N-alkylated 4-bromo-isobenzoindole (4). Compound (4) can in turn be coupled with (homo)piperazine or piperazine like compounds using a palladium catalyst to give the 4-piperazinyl-isobenzoisoindole (5). Alkylation of compound (5) using an alkyl iodide gives the final compound (6).

One skilled in the art would recognize that compound 6 above could, for example, be further reduced to convert the C═O moiety to CH₂ to produce compounds of Formula (IX).

(Homo)piperazinyl sultam derivatives may, for example, be synthesized via the reaction scheme below starting with a sultam compound (7). Alkylation of brominated sultam (8) can be carried out using Mitsunobu conditions (triphenyl phosphine, alcohol, and di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate, i.e. DBAD).

Compounds of Formula (III) could be synthesized, for example, from compound 11 above by reducing the SO₂ group to SH and then oxidizing SH using conventional techniques to produce S═O.

Compounds of Formula (VIII) may be synthesized, for example, via the reaction scheme shown below. In this reaction scheme below, the corresponding bromoacenaphthenone (14) is prepared from 1-α-naphthylacetic acid (12) through Friedal-Craft reaction and followed by a bromination. Compound (14) was next subjected to alkylation and palladium catalyzed amination similar to that described earlier for compound (4).

Compounds of Formula (VII) could be produced, for example, by reducing the C═O moiety of compound (17) to CH₂ using techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

Intermediates to compounds of Formula (VI) could be produced, for example, via the following reaction scheme:

Compound (22) could then, for example, be brominated and coupled with (homo)piperazine or a piperazine like compound using a palladium catalyst in accordance with procedures previously described herein to produce a compound of Formula (VI).

Alternatively, compound (22) could be produced via the following reaction scheme and then converted to a compound of Formula (VI) as previously described.

Further examples of synthesizing compounds of Formula (I) are provided hereinafter in the Examples.

The compounds of Formula (I) are 5HT2C agonists as evidenced by standard pharmacological test procedures. The 5HT2C receptor agonists of this invention are useful for the treatment or prevention in mammals, preferably in humans, of disorders involving the central nervous system. These disorders may be organic or psychological based. Examples of central nervous system disorders affected by the 5HT2C receptor include psychoses involving gross impairment of reality such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, or L-DOPA-induced psychosis; disorders of the personality; affective disorders (i.e., mood disorders) such as depression, atypical depression, and bipolar disorders; drug and alcohol addiction, including disorders related to withdrawal from drug or alcohol; sleep disorders (e.g., sleep apnea); eating disorders (e.g., hyperphagia, bulimia or anorexia nervosa); obesity, including consequent comorbidities such as Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, gall bladder disease, gout, some cancers, some infertility, and early mortality; diabetes; intellectual deficit disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and memory deficit; migraines; epilepsy; sexual dysfunction; and premenstrual tension. The term “disorders of the personality” as used herein are meant to include mental disorders involving inflexible and/or maladaptive personality traits and result for example in significant impairment in social functioning. Personality disorders include for example aggressivity; and anxiety disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, generalized anxiety, and social phobias. The compounds of the present invention may be used to treat or prevent one or more of these mental disorders present in a mammal.

The present invention also includes methods of utilizing the compounds herein in treatments or preventative regimens for treatment of central nervous system deficiencies associated, for example, with trauma, stroke, spinal cord injuries, neurodegenerative diseases, toxic or infective CNS ailments including, but not limited to, encephalitis or meningitis; cardiovascular disorders such as thrombosis; or gastrointestinal disorders, such as malfunction of gastrointestinal motility. These methods include the improvement or inhibition of further degradation of central nervous system activity during or following the malady or trauma in question. Included in these improvements are maintenance or improvement in motor and motility skills, control, coordination and strength.

The present invention provides methods for treating, preventing, inhibiting or ameliorating each of these conditions, the methods comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof a pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention also provides a method for treating conditions related to or are affected by the 5HT2C receptor that includes administering to warm-blooded animals, including humans, an effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

A pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective amount of the compounds herein is understood to comprise an amount of the compound(s) in question which will obtain at least a minimum of desired effect in preventing, treating, inhibiting or managing the symptoms or causes of the malady in question. More preferably, the amount will be the minimum needed to alleviate or remove the undesirable physiological consequences of the malady in question and inhibit or prevent their re-occurrence.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions. These pharmaceutical compositions may be administered to mammals in accordance with the methods of the present invention.

Pharmaceutical compositions, in addition to containing a pharmaceutically effective amount of one or more compounds of the present invention, may include one or more ingredients known to those skilled in the art for formulating pharmaceutical compositions. Such ingredients include for example, carriers (e.g., in solid or liquid form), flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilizers, suspending agents, fillers, glidants, compression aids, binders, tablet-disintegrating agents, encapsulating materials, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, thickening agents, coloring agents, viscosity regulators, stabilizers or osmo-regulators. The pharmaceutical compositions may be in solid form (e.g., powder or tablet) or in liquid form.

Solid pharmaceutical compositions preferably contain one or more solid carriers, and optionally one or more other additives such as flavoring agents, lubricants, solubilizers, suspending agents, fillers, glidants, compression aids, binders or tablet-disintegrating agents or an encapsulating material. Suitable solid carriers include, for example, calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine, low melting waxes or ion exchange resins, or combinations thereof. In powder pharmaceutical compositions, the carrier is preferably a finely divided solid which is in admixture with the finely divided active ingredient. In tablets, the active ingredient is mixed with a carrier having the necessary compression properties in suitable proportions, and optionally, other additives, and compacted into the desired shape and size. Solid pharmaceutical compositions, such as powders and tablets, preferably contain up to 99% of the active ingredient.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions preferably contain one or more compounds of the present invention and one or more liquid carriers to form solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs. Pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carriers include water, organic solvent, pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fat, or combinations thereof. The liquid carrier can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives such as solubilizers, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavoring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colors, viscosity regulators, stabilizers or osmo-regulators. Suitable examples of liquid carriers for oral and parenteral administration include water (particularly containing additives as above such as cellulose derivatives, preferably sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols e.g., glycols) or their derivatives, or oils (e.g., fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil). For parenteral administration the carrier can also be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate. Sterile liquid carriers are used in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions which are sterile solutions or suspensions can be administered by, for example, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. Sterile solutions can also be administered intravenously. Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be either in liquid or solid composition form.

Preferably the pharmaceutical composition is in unit dosage form, such as tablets or capsules. In such form, the composition is sub-divided in unit dose containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredient. The unit dosage forms can be packaged compositions, for example packeted powders, vials, ampoules, pre-filled syringes or sachets containing liquids. The unit dosage form can be, for example, a capsule or tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any such compositions in package form.

The pharmaceutically or therapeutically effective dosage to be used in the treatment of a specific ailment must be subjectively determined by the attending physician. The variables involved include the specific ailment, and the size, age and response pattern of the patient. The compounds may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally or topically to the skin and mucosa. The usual daily dose is depending on the specific compound, method of treatment and condition treated. The usual daily dose is 0.01-1000 mg/Kg , preferably 0.5-500 mg/Kg for oral application, and 0.1-100 mg/Kg, preferably 0.5-50 mg/Kg for parenteral application.

EXAMPLES

Compounds of the present invention were prepared and evaluated for their binding affinity to the 5HT2C receptor.

The following compounds of Formula (I) were prepared. In these examples, all chemicals and intermediates are either commercially available, can be prepared by standard procedures found in the literature, or are known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.

Example 1 6-[4-(3-Phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl) benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one

Example 1 was prepared as shown in Scheme 1, below:

Step 1: 6-Bromo-benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one

Benz[cd]indol-2(1H)-one (2.1 g, 12.4 mmol) was dissolved in 50 ml trichloromethane and cooled to 0° C. To this stirred and cooled solution was added dropwise bromine (0.64 ml, 12.4 mmol) within 5 minutes. The reaction was allowed to warm up to room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was then poured into water and extracted with trichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give 2.935 g product (95% yield).

Step 2: 6-Bromo-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one

To a solutiion of 6-bromo-benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one (1 g, 4 mmol) in N,N-dimethyl formamide was added K₂CO₃ (5.53 g, 40 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 hour under nitrogen. 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl iodide (915 mg, 4 mmol ) was next injected to the solution and the mixture was heated at 60° C. for 18 hours. The reaction media was next poured into 200 ml water and extracted with trichloromethane (3×100 ml). Column chromatography using gradient ethyl acetate in hexane (10˜20%) gave the desired product (1.225 g, 85%).

Step 3: 6-(1,4-Diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one

To a mixture of 1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-6-bromo-benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one (1.225 g, 3.42 mmol), homopiperazine (6 g, 60 mmol) and toluene (100 ml) in a round bottomed flask was added BINAP (42 mg, 2%) and Pd₂(dba)₃ (30 mg, 1%) and sodium tert-butoxide (333 mg, 3.46 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 85° C. for 18 hours and was then poured into 500 ml concentrated HCl solution in water. The organic layer was seperated and the aqueous layer was extracted with more toluene (2×500 ml). The combined organic layers were neutralized with 10 N NaOH (aqueous ) and extracted with a one to one mixture of dichloromethane and toluene (3×500 ml). The combined organic layers were dried and filtered and concentrated to give the crude product (1.4 g).

Step 4: 6-[4-(3-Phenylpropyl)-1,4diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo [cd]indol-2(1H)-one

The crude product from step 3 was dissolved in 30 ml acetonitrile and distributed into 30 vials (2 ml size) preloaded with potassium carbonate (300 mg, 2.3 mmol). Next, 1-bromo-3-phenylporpane (135 μl, 0.135 mmol) was then added and the mixture was shaked on a robital shaker for 18 hours at room temperature. The reaction was then worked up by pipetting out most of the solution and running through a prep HPLC using the Gilson system. The product (62 mg, 54%) was obtained by stripping off the solvent on a speed-vac.

Similar compounds to Example 1 containing different R_(a) and R_(b) groups (see formula and Table 1 below) were synthesized by following the procedures outlined in Example 1.

TABLE 1 Isobenzoindole Compounds Synthesized and LC/MS Data (min/M + H)

HPLC¹ MS² Isobenzoindole Compound Example No. minutes (M + H) 6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 1 4.72 496.3 (4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4- Example 2 4.188 444.3 methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan- Example 3 4.591 458.4 1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4- Example 4 4.333 444.3 methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(4-neopentyl-1,4- Example 5 4.613 458.4 diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)- Example 6 4.351 484.2 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)- Example 7 4.508 498.3 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, ethyl {4-[1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-1,2- Example 8 4.243 474.3 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}acetate, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4- Example 9 4.657 492.3 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4- Example 10 4.507 478.3 methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4- Example 11 4.768 506.3 diazepan-1-y(]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-{4-[1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-1,2- Example 12 4.099 455.3 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}butanenitrile, 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4- Example 13 4.438 456.3 methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-{4-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-1,4- Example 14 5.259 524.3 diazepan-1-yl}-1-(4- methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4- Example 15 4.562 458.4 methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, benzyl {4-[1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-1,2- Example 16 3.924 536.2 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}acetate, 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4- Example 17 4.258 442.3 methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4- Example 18 4.54 523.2 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 19 2.51 364.5 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 20 2.57 378.45 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 21 2.68 392.45 (cyclobutylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 22 2.507 376.45 (cyclobutylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 23 2.87 406.45 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan- Example 24 2.74 392.45 1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)- Example 25 2.75 432.35 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)- Example 26 2.76 446.35 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, ethyl {4-[1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2- Example 27 2.59 422.45 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}acetate, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4- Example 28 3 440.45 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 29 2.94 426.45 (cyclobutylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-{4-[1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2- Example 30 2.55 403.45 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}butanenitrile, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4- Example 31 3.08 454.45 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4- Example 32 2.84 404.45 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4- Example 33 2.69 408.45 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-{4-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta- Example 34 3.47 472.45 2,6-dienyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}benzo[cd]indol- 2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4- Example 35 2.91 406.45 diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, benzyl {4-[1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2- Example 36 3 484.45 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}acetate, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)- Example 37 3.09 432.45 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)- Example 38 2.65 390.45 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4- Example 39 2.94 471.35 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-ethyl-6-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 40 2.12 324.45 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-ethyl-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd] Example 41 2.238 338.5 indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-ethylbenzo[cd] Example 42 2.388 352.45 indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-ethylbenzo[cd] Example 43 2.216 336.45 indol-2(1H)-one, 1-ethyl-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd] Example 44 2.575 366.45 indol-2(1H)-one, 1-ethyl-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl) Example 45 2.343 352.45 benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-ethyl-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 46 2.354 392.35 1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-ethyl-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 47 2.469 406.35 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, ethyl [4-(1-ethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd] Example 48 2.275 382.45 indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate, 6-(4-cyclohexyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 49 2.551 378.45 ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-ethyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 50 2.638 400.45 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 51 2.996 386.45 ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-[4-(1-ethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6- Example 52 2.153 363.45 yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]butanenitrile, 1-ethyl-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 53 2.811 414.45 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 54 2.463 364.45 ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 55 2.299 368.48 ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-{4-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-1,4- Example 56 3.168 432.45 diazepan-1-yl}-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-ethyl-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 57 2.546 366.45 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, benzyl [4-(1-ethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd] Example 58 2.699 444.35 indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate, 6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 59 2.729 392.45 ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 60 2.301 350.45 ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-ethyl-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 61 2.546 431.35 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isobutyl-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 62 2.62 366.45 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 63 2.76 380.45 isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 64 2.59 364.45 isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4- Example 65 2.62 366.45 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4- Example 66 2.85 434.45 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, ethyl [4-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd] Example 67 2.65 410.45 indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate, 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 68 2.99 428.45 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 69 2.87 414.45 isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-[4-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd] Example 70 2.55 391.45 indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]butanenitrile, 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 71 3.1 442.45 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 72 2.82 392.45 isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 73 2.69 396.45 isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, benzyl [4-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd] Example 74 3.05 472.35 indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate, 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 75 2.66 478.45 isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 76 2.88 459.35 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4- Example 77 3.99 406.3 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4- Example 78 4.11 420.3 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4- Example 79 4.7 418.3 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4- Example 80 4.54 448.3 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4- Example 81 4.27 434.3 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)- Example 82 4.29 474.2 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)- Example 83 4.42 488.2 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, ethyl {4-[2-oxo-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,2- Example 84 4.18 464.3 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}acetate, 6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4- Example 85 4.59 482.3 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indo-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4- Example 86 4.45 468.2 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-(4-[2-oxo-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,2- Example 87 4.02 445.3 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}butanenitrile, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan- Example 88 4.377 430.3 1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 89 4.39 446.3 (4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4- Example 90 4.19 450.4 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4- Example 91 4.5 448.3 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, benzyl {4-[2-oxo-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,2- Example 92 4.68 526.2 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}acetate, 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 93 4.19 432.3 (4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4- Example 94 4.51 513.2 trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3- Example 95 2.567 406.25 trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3- Example 96 2.653 420.25 trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3- Example 97 2.707 420.25 trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3- Example 98 2.7 460.25 trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol- 2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 99 2.735 474.25 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3- Example 100 2.845 468.25 trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-{4-[2-oxo-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,2- Example 101 2.504 431.25 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}butanenitrile, 6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 102 2.923 842.35 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 103 2.722 432.25 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3- Example 104 2.629 436.25 trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3- Example 105 2.727 434.25 trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, benzyl {4-[2-oxo-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,2- Example 106 2.916 512.3 dihydrobenzo[cd)indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}acetate, 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 107 2.607 418.25 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3- Example 108 2.52 406.25 trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3- Example 109 2.735 499.25 trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 110 2.728 484.25 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 111 2.532 394.25 isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 112 4.363 378.25 isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isopentyl-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 113 4.467 408.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 114 4.403 394.25 isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4- Example 115 4.519 434.25 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, ethyl [4-(1-isopentyl-2-oxo-1,2- Example 116 4.389 424.25 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1- yl]acetate, 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 117 4.48 442.25 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-[4-(1-isopentyl-2-oxo-1,2- Example 118 4.36 405.25 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1- yl]butanenitrile, 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 119 4.496 456.25 1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 120 4.419 406.25 isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 121 2.739 410.25 isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isopentyl-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 122 2.638 408.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, benzyl [4-(1-isopentyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo Example 123 2.75 486.25 [cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate, 6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 124 2.74 434.25 isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1- Example 125 2.392 392.25 isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isopentyl-6-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 126 2.35 380.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 127 2.589 473.25 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,4- Example 128 2.663 458.25 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-butyl-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 129 2.231 366.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 130 2.158 364.2 butylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-butyl-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 131 2.487 394.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-butyl-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 132 2.312 380.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-butyl-6-(4-cyclohexyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 133 2.409 406.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-butyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 134 2.52 428.25 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-[4-(1-butyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6- Example 135 2.115 391.25 yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]butanenitrile, 1-butyl-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 136 2.643 442.25 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-butyl-6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 137 2.378 392.25 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-butyl-6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 138 2.227 396.25 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-butyl-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 139 2.478 394.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, benzyl [4-(1-butyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd] Example 140 2.578 472.25 indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate, 1-butyl-6-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 141 2.147 366.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-butyl-6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 142 2.396 459.25 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 143 2.351 414.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2- Example 144 2.458 428.25 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2- Example 145 2.337 412.2 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2- Example 146 2.604 442.25 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2- Example 147 2.462 428.25 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4- Example 148 2.466 468.15 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4- Example 149 2.557 482.25 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, ethyl {4-[2-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2-dihydro Example 150 2.407 458.25 benzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate, 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4- Example 151 2.661 476.25 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-{4-[2-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzo Example 152 2.319 439.25 [cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}butanenitrile, 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4- Example 153 2.733 490.25 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2- Example 154 2.541 440.25 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2- Example 155 2.391 /444.25 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2- Example 156 2.533 442.2 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, benzyl (4-[2-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2- Example 157 2.569 520.25 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}acetate, 6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2- ExampIe 158 2.719 468.25 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2- Example 159 2.389 426.25 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2- Example 160 2.549 507.25 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-[4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2- Example 161 2.624 492.25 phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 162 1.921 350.15 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 163 1.895 364.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 164 2.121 348.2 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 165 2.286 378.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 166 0.165 364.15 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 167 2.105 404.15 1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 168 2.192 418.15 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 169 2.338 412.2 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-[4-(1-allyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6- Example 170 2.017 375.25 yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]butanenitrile, 1-allyl-6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 171 2.18 376.25 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 172 2.063 380.25 yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-allyl-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 173 2.234 378.25 yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan- Example 174 2.541 406.25 1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 175 2.681 420.25 (cyclohexylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 176 2.526 404.25 (cyclohexylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan- Example 177 2.789 434.25 1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan- Example 178 2.662 420.25 1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)- Example 179 2.655 460.25 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)- Example 180 2.727 474.25 1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd)indol-2(1H)-one, 6-(4-cyclohexyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 181 2.723 446.25 (cyclohexylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4- Example 182 2.816 468.25 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 4-{4-[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2- Example 183 2.454 431.25 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}butanenitrile, 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1- Example 184 2.694 432.25 (cyclohexylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4- Example 185 2.594 436.25 diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd)indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4- Example 186 2.773 434.35 diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)- Example 187 2.87 460.35 1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)- Example 188 2.575 418.25 1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, {4-[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2- Example 189 3.332 403.25 dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1- yl}acetonitrile, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4- Example 190 2.761 499.25 diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-isopropyl-1,4- Example 191 2.522 406.25 diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4- Example 192 2.73 499.25 diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, ¹LC conditions: Hewlett Packard 1100; YMC ODS-A 4.6 mm × 50 mm 5 u column at 23° C.; 10 uL injection; Solvent A: 0.05% TFA/water; Solvent B:0.05% TFA/acetonitrile; Gratient: Time 0: 98% A; 1 min: 98% A; 7 min: 10% A, 8 min: 10% A; 8.9 min: 98% A; Post time 1 min. Flow rate 2.5 mL/min; Detection: 220 and 254 nm DAD. ²MS conditions: API-electrospray

Example 193 2-Methyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-Dioxide

Example 193 was prepared as shown in Scheme 2

Step 1: 2-Methyl-5-bromo-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-Dioxide:

A mixture of 5-bromo-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-Dioxide (200 mg, 0.70 mmol), methanol(45 mg, 57 ml), and poly-TPP (Fluka, 580 mg, 1.75 mmol) in DCM (8 ml) under nitrogen was cooled to 5° C. and treated with DBAD (320 mg, 1.4 mmol). The mixture was slowly warmed to 20° C. and stirred for 1.5 hours. TFA (4 ml) was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was then filtered through celite, washed (DCM, 3×), evaporated, partitioned between 1N HCl (3 ml) and DCM (6 ml), filtered, passed through a phase separation tube (8 ml, celite, a little nitrogen pressure applied) and evaporated to a dark solid. The sample was then dried and vacuumed to give 211 mg product (100%). NMR shows the desired product.

Step 2: 2-Methyl-5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-Dioxide:

An oven dried, N₂ purged 8 ml vial was charged with 2-methyl-5-bromo-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, homopiperazine, pd₂(dba)₃, tBuONa and BINAP. The vial was re-purged with nitrogen, and a mixture of 1 ml solvent (1:1 toluene-DME) was added. The vial was capped and shaken at 80° C. for 15 hours, then it was cooled to room temperature and treated with DCM (1.5 ml) and polymer supported triphenyl phosphine (80 mg). After shaking for an hour, 1 ml DCM and 2 ml water were added and the mixture was shaken for another hour and then filtered through celite (12 ml fritted columns) and washed with DCM. The two phases were separated (8 ml phase separation tube) and the organic layer was analyzed. LC-MS showed product in all of the layers, the layer with toluene having the most product.

Step 3: 2-Methyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]iso-thiazole 1,1-Dioxide:

A procedure similar to the procedure described for Step 3 of Example 1 was used.

In addition to Example 193, the following sultam compounds (see Table 2 below) were synthesized using similar procedures to those described for Example 193. The compounds in Table 2 are similar to Example 193 except that the compounds have different R_(a) and R_(b) groups as shown in the formula below and Table 2.

TABLE 2 Sultam Compounds Synthesized and LC/MS Data (min/M + H)

HPLC¹ MS² Sultam Compounds Example (minutes) (M + H) 2-methyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 193 4.365 332.2 naphthop[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-methyl-2H- Example 194 4.557 346.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-methyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 195 4.858 360.2 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-methyl-2H- Example 196 5.251 374.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-methyl-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 197 5.694 388.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-methyl-2H- Example 198 5.606 408.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-methyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 199 5.96 422.2 yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-methyl-2H-naphtho[1,8- Example 200 2.067 318.4 cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-ethyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 201 4.736 346.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-ethyl-5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 202 4.93 360.2 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-ethyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 203 5.253 374.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-ethyl-2H- Example 204 5.621 388.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-ethyl-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 205 6.046 402.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-ethyl-2H- Example 206 5.955 422.2 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-ethyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]- Example 207 6.272 436.2 2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-ethyl-2H-naphtho[1,8- Example 208 2.193 332.4 cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H- Example 209 5.251 360.2 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H- Example 210 5.435 374.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-propyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 211 5.752 388.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H- Example 212 6.132 402.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H- Example 213 6.509 416.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H- Example 214 6.405 436.2 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2-propyl- Example 215 6.703 450.3 2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H-naphtho[1,8- Example 216 2.424 346.4 cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-isopropyl-2H- Example 217 2.354 346.5 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-butyl-5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8- Example 218 2.633 360.4 cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-hexyl-2H-naphtho[1,8- Example 219 2.995 388.4 cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-isobutyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 220 4.998 374.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-isobutyl-2H- Example 221 5.118 388.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-isobutyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 222 5.336 402.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-isobutyl-2H- Example 223 5.64 416.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-isobutyl-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)- Example 224 5.902 430.3 2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-isobutyl-2H- Example 225 5.824 450.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-isobutyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 226 6.035 464.3 yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-pentyl-2H- Example 227 5.455 388.5 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-pentyl-2H- Example 228 5.553 402.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-pentyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H- Example 229 5.775 416.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-pentyl-2H- Example 230 6.046 430.3 naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-pentyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 231 6.197 464.3 yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-pentyl-2H-naphtho[1,8- Example 232 6.394 478.3 cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2- Example 233 5.416 422.2 phenylethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1- dioxide, 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2-phenylethyl)- Example 234 5.507 436.2 2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-(2-phenylethyl)-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 235 5.713 450.3 yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2-phenylethyl)- Example 236 5.963 464.3 2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2- Example 237 6.211 478.3 phenylethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1- dioxide, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2- Example 238 6.102 498.4 phenylethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1- dioxide, 2-(2-phenylethyl)-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4- Example 239 6.31 512.2 diazepan-1-yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(3- Example 240 5.726 436.2 phenylpropyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(3- Example 241 5.814 450.5 phenylpropyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-(3-phenylpropyl)-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 242 6.005 464.3 yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(3- Example 243 6.234 478.3 phenylpropyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(3- Example 244 6.393 512.2 phenylpropyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2-(3- Example 245 6.558 526.2 pheny(propyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan- Example 246 5.801 414.2 1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan- Example 247 6.129 442.3 1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2- Example 248 6.393 456.3 (cyclohexylmethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8- cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4- Example 249 6.638 470.3 diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2- Example 250 6.549 490.3 (cyclohexylmethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8- cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, 2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4- ExampIe 251 6.722 504.2 diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide, ¹LC conditions: Hewlett Packard 1100; YMC ODS-A 4.6 mm × 50 mm 5 u column at 23° C.; 10 uL injection; Solvent A: 0.05% TFA/water; Solvent B: 0.05% TFA/acetonitrile; Gratient: Time 0: 98% A; 1 min; 98% A; 7 min: 10% A, 8 min: 10% A; 8.9 min: 98% A; Post time 1 min. Flow rate 2.5 mL/min; Detection: 220 and 254 nm DAD. ²MS conditions: API-electrospray

Example 254 2-Dipropyl-6-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-1-one

Example 254 was prepared as shown in Scheme 3

Step 1: 1,2-Dihydroacenaphthylen-1-one:

To a solution of a-naphthylacetic acid (5 g, 26.9 mmol) in DCM (30 ml) was added a few drops of pyridine followed by the addition of Thionyl chloride (4.79 g, 40.3 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The mixture was then vacuumed to remove the solvent. The residue was solvated with carbon disulfide (100 ml), and aluminum chloride (4.30 g, 32.2 mol) was then added. The resulting black mixture was stirred overnight. Quenching of the reaction mixture was done by adding 80 ml 1 N NaOH over a 40 minute period to the ice cooled solution and stirring was continued for another 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite, and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with toluene. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. NMR confirmed the formation of the desired product.

Step 2: 6-Bromo-1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-1-one:

To a mixture of 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-i-one (200 mg, 1.2 mmol), iron chloride (40 mg, 0.2 mmol), and potassium carbonate (663 mg, 4.8 mmol) in nitromethane (6 ml) was added bromine (943 mg, 5.9 mmol). The reaction was monitored by TLC with DCM as the eluent. The reaction was worked up after 75 minutes by quenching with saturated sodium bisulfite. The mixture was then poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate. Re-crystallization from hexane gave the desired product.

Step 3: 2,2-Dipropyl-6-bromo-1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-1-one:

To a heat dried 8 ml vial loaded with 6-bromo-1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-1-one (100 mg, 0.41 mmol) and sodium hydride (49 mg, 0.4 mmol) was added 1 ml THF. Propyl iodide (230 μl, 0.4 mmol) was then added to the above purple solution and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was then quenched with 300 ml acetic acid followed by the addition of DCM. The precipitate formed was filtered off and the filtrate concentrated to dryness to give 2.5 grams (80%) of product. NMR and MS confirmed the product.

Step 4: 6-(4-Methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-1-one:

The procedure used in this step was similar to the procedure described in step 2 of Example 1.

Step 5: 6-(4-Methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-1-one:

The procedure used in this step was similar to the procedure described in step 3 of Example 1.

In addition to Example 254, the following 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-1-one related compounds (see Table 3 below) were synthesized using similar procedures to those described for Example 254. The compounds in Table 3 are similar to Example 254 except that the compounds have different R_(a), R_(b) and R_(c) groups as shown in the formula below and Table 3.

TABLE 3 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene-1-one Compounds Synthesized and LC/MS Data

HPLC¹ MS² 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylen-1-one Compounds Example No. minutes (M + H) 2,2-dimethyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 252 5.039 309.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 253 5.558 337.1 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 254 6.461 365.3 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 255 7.468 393.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 256 8.315 421.4 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 257 6.843 461.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-methyl-1″,4″- Example 258 5.728 335.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 259 5.029 323.1 dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 260 5.688 351.1 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 261 6.78 379.4 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 262 7.394 407.4 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 263 8.272 453.3 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 264 6.972 475.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-ethyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 265 5.324 335.1 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-ethyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 266 5.684 349.2 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-ethyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 267 6.121 363.3 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 2,2-dimethyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 268 5.331 337.1 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 269 5.972 365.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipropyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 270 6.88 393.2 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 271 7.653 421.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipentyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 272 8.521 449.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 273 7.202 489.2 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-propyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 274 5.637 349.1 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{(cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-propyl-1″,4″- Example 275 5.989 363.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-propyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 276 6.634 377.3 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 277 5.246 335.2 dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 278 6.114 363.3 diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 279 6.803 391.2 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 280 7.583 419.4 dibutylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 281 8.432 447.3 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 282 7.38 487.3 dibenzylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-allyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″- Example 283 5.552 347.2 yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-allyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 284 5.915 361.2 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-allyl-1′1″,4″-diazepan-1″- Example 285 6.326 375.3 yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 286 5.92 351.3 dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 287 6.534 379.4 diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 288 7.46 407.3 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 289 8.199 435.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 290 9.051 463.3 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 291 7.701 503.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-butyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 292 6.214 363.3 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-butyl-1″1,4″-diazepan- Example 293 6.579 377.3 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[51-(4″1-butyl-1″1,4″1-diazepan- Example 294 6.973 391.3 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 2,2-dimethyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 295 6.143 365.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 296 6.738 393.2 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 297 4.453 421.3 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 298 8.186 449.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipentyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 299 9.013 477.4 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 300 7.97 517.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-pentyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 301 6.374 377.3 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-pentyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 302 6.692 391.3 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-pentyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 303 6.974 405.2 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 2,2-dimethyl-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 304 6.387 365.4 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 305 9.167 477.4 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′[5′(4″-neopentyl-1″,4″- Example 306 6.455 377.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenapthylen-1′(2′H)-one]} 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 307 5.893 405.2 1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 308 6.552 433.2 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipropyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 309 7.293 461.3 1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 310 7.967 489.2 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipentyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 311 8.822 517.2 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 312 7.552 557.2 1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)- Example 313 6.164 417.2 1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)- Example 314 6.469 431.2 1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)- Example 315 7.176 445.2 1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 316 5.869 391.2 1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 317 6.256 419.2 1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipropyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 318 7.403 447.2 1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 319 8.152 475.3 1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipentyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 320 8.697 503.2 1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 321 7.679 543.3 1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)- Example 322 6.139 403.1 1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)- Example 323 6.245 417.2 1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)- Example 324 6.661 431.2 1″,4″1-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-y′)-2,2- Example 325 6.662 391.3 dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 326 8.039 447.3 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 327 8.75 475.4 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 328 9.576 503.4 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 329 8.215 543.4 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclohexylmethyl-1″,4″- Example 330 6.933 403.3 diazepan-1′-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4- Example 331 5.722 349.2 diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 332 6.358 377.2 1-y′] acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 333 7.25 405.2 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 334 7.996 433.3 1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 335 8.863 461.3 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4- Example 336 7.518 501.2 diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-methylallyl)-1″,4″- Example 337 6.021 361.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-methylallyl)-1″,4″- Example 338 6.367 375.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-methylallyl)-1″,4″- Example 339 6.773 389.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 340 7.007 393.3 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 341 7.803 421.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 342 8.698 449.3 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 343 7.35 489.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(1-methylethyl)-1″,4″- Example 344 5.72 349.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4′-(1-methylethyl)-1″,4″- Example 345 6.067 363.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(1-methylethyl)-1″,4″- Example 346 6.507 377.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 2,2-dimethyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4- Example 347 7.036 469.3 diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4- Example 348 7.548 497.3 diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipropyl-5-{4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4- Example 349 8.243 525.2 diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4- Example 350 8.978 553.3 diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipentyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4- Example 351 9.708 581.4 diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4- Example 352 8.42 621.2 diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4- Example 353 7.27 481.2 trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)- acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4- Example 354 7.567 495.3 trifluoromethylbenzyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)- acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4- Example 355 7.904 509.2 trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)- acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 356 6.202 385.4 dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 357 6.788 413.3 diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 358 7.619 441.3 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 359 8.354 469.3 dibutylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 360 9.166 497.4 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 361 7.869 537.4 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-benzyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 362 6.489 397.3 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-benzyl-1″,4″- Example 363 6.802 411.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthyten-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-(5′-(4″-benzyl-1″,4″-diazepan- Example 364 7.223 425.5 1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-(4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 365 5.612 349.3 dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 366 6.267 377.3 diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 367 7.153 405.2 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 368 7.911 433.2 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 369 8.76 461.3 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan- Example 370 7.453 501.2 1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyctobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclopropyl-1″,4″- Example 371 5.909 361.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyctopentane-1,2′-(5′-(4″-cyclopropy-1″,4″- Example 372 6.252 375.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclopropyl-1″,4″- Example 373 6.697 389.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 374 6.744 413.3 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 375 7.287 441.2 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 376 8.107 469.3 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 377 8.724 497.3 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipentyl-5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 378 9.522 525.3 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 379 8.222 565.3 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-phenylpropyl)-1″,4″- Example 380 7.003 425.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one)]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-phenylpropyl)- Example 381 7.3 439.2 1″,4″-diazepan-1′-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-phenylpropyl)-1″,4″- Example 382 7.672 453.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 383 6.513 399.2 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 384 7.072 427.2 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 385 7.837 455.3 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 386 8.547 483.4 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dipentyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 387 9.409 511.4 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 388 8.079 551.3 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-phenylethyl)-1″,4″- Example 389 6.783 411.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro(cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-phenylethyl)-1″,4″- Example 390 7.072 425.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-phenylethyl)-1″,4″- Example 391 7.449 439.2 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 392 5.799 351.3 dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 393 6.462 379.4 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 394 7.354 407.4 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 395 8.101 435.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 396 8.816 4.634 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 397 7.615 503.4 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-methylpropyl)-1″,4″- Example 398 6.1 363.4 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′[5′-(4″-(2-methylpropyl)- Example 399 6.449 377.4 1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 400 6.283 365.4 dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2′diethyl-5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 401 6.894 393.2 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 402 7.73 421.3 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 403 8.465 449.3 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2- Example 404 9.319 477.5 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 405 7.965 517.4 yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-methylbutyl)-1″,4″- Example 406 6.567 377.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-methylbutyl)-1″,4″- Example 407 6.901 391.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-methylbutyl)-1″,4″ Example 408 7.305 405.4 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, 5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 409 6.039 363.4 dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 410 6.68 391.3 diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 411 7.52 419.4 dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1- Example 412 8.273 447.4 yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2- Example 413 9.145 475.4 dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclobutylmethyl-1″,4″- Example 414 6.323 375.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclobutylmethyl- Example 415 6.66 389.3 1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4′cyclobutylmethyl-1′,4″- Example 416 7.065 403.3 diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}, ¹LC conditions: Hewlett Packard 1100; YMC ODS-A 4.6 mm × 50 mm 5 u column at 23° C.; 10 uL injection; Solvent A: 0.05% TFA/water; Solvent B: 0.05% TFA/acetonitrile; Gratient: Time 0: 98% A; 1 min: 98% A; 7 min: 10% A, 8 min: 10% A; 8.9 min: 98% A; Post time 1 min. Flow rate 2.5 mL/min; Detection: 220 and 254 nm DAD. ²MS conditions: API-electrospray

¹LC conditions: Hewlett Packard 1100; YMC ODS-A 4.6 mm×50 mm 5 u column at 23° C.; 10 uL injection; Solvent A: 0.05% TFA/water; Solvent B: 0.05% TFA/acetonitrile; Gratient: Time 0: 98% A; 1 min: 98% A; 7 min: 10% A, 8 min: 10% A; 8.9 min: 98% A; Post time 1 min. Flow rate 2.5 mL/min; Detection: 220 and 254 nm DAD.

²MS conditions: API-electrospray

5HT2C Receptor Binding Affinity Evaluation

To determine for compounds of Formula (I) the affinity for the 5HT2C receptor, the following 5HT2C receptor binding assay was performed. A CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cell line transfected with the cDNA expressing the human 5-hydroxytryptamine2C (h5HT2C) receptor was maintained in DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Media) supplied with fetal calf serum, glutamine, and the markers: guaninephosphoribosyl transferase (GTP) and hypoxanthinethymidine (HT). The cells were allowed to grow to confluence in large culture dishes with intermediate changes of media and splitting. Upon reaching confluence, the cells were harvested by scraping. The harvested cells were suspended in half volume of fresh physiological phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution and centrifuged at low speed (900×g). This operation was repeated once more. The collected cells were then homogenized with a polytron at setting #7 for 15 sec in ten volumes of 50 mM Tris.HCl, pH 7.4 and 0.5 mM EDTA. The homogenate was centrifuged at 900×g for 15 min to remove nuclear particles and other cell debris. The pellet was discarded and the supernatant fluid recentrifuged at 40,000×g for 30 min. The resulting pellet was resuspended in a small volume of Tris.HCl buffer and the tissue protein content was determined in aliquots of 10-25 microliter (μl) volumes. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was used as the standard in the protein determination by the method of Lowry et al., (J. Biol. Chem., 193:265 (1951)). The volume of the suspended cell membranes was adjusted with 50 mM Tris.HCl buffer containing: 0.1% ascorbic acid, 10 mM pargyline and 4 mM CaCl₂ to give a tissue protein concentration of 1-2 mg per ml of suspension. The preparation membrane suspension (many times concentrated) was aliquoted in 1 ml volumes and stored at −70° C. until used in subsequent binding experiments.

Binding experiments were performed in a 96 well microtiter plate format, in a total volume of 200 μl. To each well was added: 60 μl of incubation buffer made in 50 mM Tris.HCl buffer, pH 7.4 and containing 4 mM CaCl₂; 20 μl of [²⁵¹I] DOI [1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane] (S.A., 2200 Ci/mmol, NEN Life Science).

The dissociation constant, KD of [¹²⁵I] DOI at the human serotonin 5HT2C receptor was 0.4 nM by saturation binding with increasing concentrations of [¹²⁵I] DOI. The reaction was initiated by the final addition of 100.0 μl of tissue suspension containing 50 μg of receptor protein. Nonspecific binding was measured in the presence of 1 μM unlabeled DOI added in 20.0 μl volume. Test compounds are added in 20.0 ml. The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 60 min. The incubation was stopped by rapid filtration. The bound ligand-receptor complex was filtered off on a 96 well unifilter with a Packard® Filtermate 196 Harvester. The bound complex caught on the filter disk was dried in a vacuum oven heated to 60° C. and the radioactivity measured by liquid scintillation with 40 μl Microscint-20 scintillant in a Packard TopCount® equipped with six (6) photomultiplier detectors.

Description of this method can be found in Sanders-Bush, E. et al., Putative selective 5-HT2C antagonists block serotonin 5-HT_(1C) receptors in the choroid plexus, J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther., 247: 169-173 (1988), and Akiyoshi, J., et al., Effects of antidepressants on intracellular calcium mobilization in CHO cells transfected with the human 5-HT2C receptors, Biol. Psychiatry, 39:1000-1008 (1996).

Specific binding is defined as the total radioactivity bound less the amount bound in the presence of 1 μM unlabeled DOI. Binding in the presence of varying concentrations of test drugs was expressed as percent of specific binding in the absence of drug. These results were then plotted as log % bound versus log concentration of test drug. Non linear regression analysis of data points with a computer assisted program Prism* yielded both the IC₅₀ and the Ki values of test compounds with 95% confidence limits. Alternatively, a linear regression line of decline of data points was plotted, from which the IC₅₀ value was read off the curve and the Ki value determined by solving the following equation: ${Ki} = \frac{{IC}_{50}}{1 + {L/{KD}}}$

where L is the concentration of the radioactive ligand used and the KD is the dissociation constant of the ligand for the receptor, both expressed in nM.

The following compounds were evaluated according to the procedure described above for inhibition of the serotonin-displaceable serotonin-2C receptor binding. The results for 5HT2C binding affinity are reported below for DOI, and Examples 5, 11, 13, 22, 24, 28, 32, 44, 80, 85, and 88. The binding affinities for the Examples indicate that these compounds would function as agonists at the 5HT2C receptor.

5HT2C Binding Affinity Compound Tested Ki (nM) DOI 19.48 Example 5 131.74

1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 11 165.15

1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 13 257.23

6-[4-cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 22 241.48

6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 24 260.26

1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 28 178.08

1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 32 256.14

1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 44 246.88

1-ethyl-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 80 190.2

6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 85 112.13

6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one Example 88 242.5

1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one

Although the present invention has been described above with respect to particular preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: X is C or N; Y is CH₂, C═O, S═O, or SO₂; Z is N; R₁, R_(1a) and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, an alkyl or alkenyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, or an arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl group, or when X is C, R₁ and R_(1a) may form together with the carbon atom to which they are attached a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group in spiro form; R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, or a cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, alkanoyl, CN, CHO, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, OCOalkyl, OCOOaryl, OCONR₁₈, COOH, COOalkyl, COOaryl, CONR₁₈R₁₉, CONHOH, NR₁₈R₁₉, SO₂NR₁₈R₁₉, NO₂, or NH₂, or OH group, where R₁₈ and R₁₉ are each independently selected from hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, or an aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, COalkyl, COaryl, COheteroaryl, COOalkyl, COOaryl, COOheteroaryl, CONHalkyl, CON(alkyl)₂, CONHaryl, CONHheteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, S(O)_(m)-alkyl or S(O)_(m)-aryl group, where m is 0, 1 or 2; R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, or a cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or heteroaryl group; p is 1 when X is carbon, and p is zero when X is nitrogen; wherein aryl is

cycloheteroalkyl is

where a carbon of the cycloheteroalkyl may optionally be double bonded to either O or S, where T is NR₁₈, O, or S, and where R₂₀ is hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, a cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, alkanoyl, CN, CHO, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, OCOalkyl, OCOOaryl, OCONR₁₈, COOH, COOalkyl, COOaryl, CONR₁₈ R₁₉, CONHOH, NR₁₈R₁₉, SO₂NR₁₈R₁₉, NO₂, NH₂, OH, S(O)_(m)-alkyl or S(O)_(m)-aryl group, where the alkyl or alkoxy groups of R₂₀ may be optionally substituted with one or more halogens; and wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl moiety of R₁, R_(1a), or R₂ to R₁₇ may optionally be substituted with one to three groups independently selected from R₂₀ and where any cycloheteroaryl moiety of R₁, R_(1a), or R₂ to R₁₇ may optionally be substituted with one to six groups independently selected from R₂₀.
 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are hydrogen.
 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein the moiety:

of Formula (I) is:

wherein R₂₁, R₂₂, and R₂₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, or a cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or heteroaryl group.
 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein R₂₁, R₂₂, and R₂₃ are hydrogen.
 5. The compound of claim 3 wherein R₁ and R_(1a) are independently selected from hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, halogenated C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, or combinations thereof; a unsubstituted or substituted C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or halogenated C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups; or when X is C, R₁, and R_(1a) may form together with the carbon atom to which they are attached a C₄ to C₆ cycloalkyl group in spiro form.
 6. The compound of claim 5 wherein R₁₁ is selected from hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, halogenated C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, CN, COOalkyl, COOaryl or combinations thereof; a unsubstituted or substituted C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three NO₂ groups, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or halogenated C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups.
 7. The compound of claim 3 wherein Y is C═O or SO₂.
 8. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is N and Y is C═O or CH₂.
 9. The compound of claim 8 wherein R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are hydrogen.
 10. The compound of claim 9 wherein each of R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are hydrogen.
 11. The compound of claim 10 wherein R₁ is hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; a unsubstituted or substituted C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups.
 12. The compound of claim 11 wherein R₁ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, or allyl.
 13. The compound of claim 10 wherein R₁₁ is selected from hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, CN, COOalkyl, COOaryl or combinations thereof; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; a unsubstituted or substituted C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three NO₂ groups, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, or C₁ to C₃ halogenated alkoxy groups.
 14. The compound of claim 13 wherein R₁₁ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, trifluoromethoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexyl, allyl, methylallyl, 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl, ethoxyethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanobutyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, or benzyloxycarbonylmethyl.
 15. The compound of claim 10 wherein Y is C═O.
 16. The compound of claim 8 selected from at least one of: 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; ethyl {4-[1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate; 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-{4-[1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}butanenitrile; 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-{4-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; benzyl {4-[1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate; 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4-methoxybenzyl) benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1- yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H) ethyl {4-[2-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2-dihydro benzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate; 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-{4-[2-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzo [cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}butanenitrile; 1-(2-phenylethyl)-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; benzyl {4-[2-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate; 6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(2-phenylethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 17. The compound of claim 8 selected from at least one of: 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one, 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; ethyl {4-[1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl] benzo [cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-benzyl -1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-{4-[1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo [cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}butanenitrile; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-{4-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; benzyl {4-[1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-cyclohexyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one 4-{4-[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}butanenitrile; 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-yl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; {4-[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetonitrile; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; or 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 18. The compound of claim 8 selected from at least one of: 1-ethyl-6-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-ethyl-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo [cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-ethyl-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-ethyl-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl) benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-ethyl-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-ethyl-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; ethyl [4-(1-ethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate; 6-(4-cyclohexyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-ethyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-[4-(1-ethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]butanenitrile; 1-ethyl-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-{4-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-ethyl-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; benzyl [4-(1-ethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate; 6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-ethylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-ethyl-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isobutyl-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; ethyl [4-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate; 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-[4-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]butanenitrile; 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; benzyl [4-(1-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate; 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-isobutylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isobutyl-6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) -1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; ethyl {4-[2-oxo-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate; 6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-{4-[2-oxo-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}butanenitrile; 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo [cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; benzyl {4-[2-oxo-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate; 6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(3-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-{4-[2-oxo-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}butanenitrile; 6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl] 1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; benzyl {4-[2-oxo-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acetate; 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-isopentylbenzo [cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isopentyl-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo [cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo [cd]indol-2(1H)-one; ethyl [4-(1-isopentyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate; 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-[4-(1-isopentyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]butanenitrile; 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isopentyl-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; benzyl [4-(1-isopentyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo [cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate; 6-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1-isopentylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isopentyl-6-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-isopentyl-6-[4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-butyl-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-1-butylbenzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-butyl-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-butyl-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-butyl-6-(4-cyclohexyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-butyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-[4-(1-butyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]butanenitrile; 1-butyl-6-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-butyl-6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-butyl-6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-butyl-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; benzyl [4-(1-butyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acetate; 1-butyl-6-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-butyl-6-[4-(2-nitrobenzyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-allyl-6-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-allyl-6-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-allyl-6-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-allyl-6-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-allyl-6-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-allyl-6-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-allyl-6-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-allyl-6-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 4-[4-(1-allyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indol-6-yl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]butanenitrile; 1-allyl-6-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; 1-allyl-6-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; or 1-allyl-6-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is C and Y is C═O or CH₂.
 20. The compound of claim 19 wherein R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆are hydrogen.
 21. The compound of claim 20 wherein each of R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are hydrogen.
 22. The compound of claim 21 wherein R₁ and R_(1a) are independently selected from hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups; or R₁, and R_(1a) may form together with the carbon atom to which they are attached a C₄ to C₆ cycloalkyl group in spiro form.
 23. The compound of claim 22 wherein R₁ and R_(1a) are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, benzyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl; or R₁ and R_(1a) form together with the carbon atom to which they are attached cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl in spiro form.
 24. The compound of claim 22 wherein R₁ and R_(1a) are the same.
 25. The compound of claim 21 wherein R₁₁ is selected from hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; unsubstituted or substituted C₃ to C₁o alkenyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or C₁ to C₃ halogenated alkoxy groups.
 26. The compound of claim 25 wherein R₁₁ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, trifluoromethoxybenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexyl, allyl, methylallyl, or 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl.
 27. The compound of claim 21 wherein Y is C═O.
 28. The compound of claim 19 selected from at least one of: 2,2-dimethyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-methyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-ethyl-1 4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-ethyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-ethyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-ethyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 2,2-dimethyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipropyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipentyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-propyl-1,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-propyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-propyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dibutylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-allyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dibenzylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-allyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-allyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-allyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-butyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-butyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-butyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 2,2-dimethyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipentyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-pentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-pentyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-pentyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-pentyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 2,2-dimethyl-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′[5′(4″-neopentyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenapthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipropyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipentyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipropyl-5-[4-(3 ,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipentyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(1H)-one; 5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(2-methylprop-2-enyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-methylallyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-methylallyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-methylallyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 5-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(1-methylethyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(1-methylethyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(1-methylethyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one, 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-isobutyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-methylpropyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-methylpropyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-isopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-methylbutyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-methylbutyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; or Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-methylbutyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 29. The compound of claim 19 selected from at least one of: 2,2-dimethyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipropyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipentyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4-tifluoromethylbenzyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-benzyl -1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-benzyl -1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dibutylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-benzyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-benzyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-benzyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dipentyl-5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-phenylpropyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-phenylpropyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(3-phenylpropyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 2,2-dimethyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-diethyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(21)-one; 2,2-dipentyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-phenylethyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-phenylethyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; or Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-(2-phenylethyl)-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 30. The compound of claim 19 selected from at least one of 5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclohexylmethyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibenzyl-5-[4-(cyclopropylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclopropyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclopropy-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclohexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclopropyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; 5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-diethylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipropylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 2,2-dibutyl-5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; 5-[4-(cyclobutylmethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2,2-dipentylacenaphthylen-1(2H)-one; Spiro{cyclobutane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclobutylmethyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; Spiro{cyclopentane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclobutylmethyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; or Spiro{cyclo hexane-1,2′-[5′-(4″-cyclobutylmethyl-1″,4″-diazepan-1″-yl)-acenaphthylen-1′(2′H)-one]}; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 31. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is N and Y is SO or SO₂.
 32. The compound of claim 31 wherein R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are hydrogen.
 33. The compound of claim 32 wherein each of R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are hydrogen.
 34. The compound of claim 33 wherein R₁ is hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; a unsubstituted or substituted C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups.
 35. The compound of claim 34 wherein R₁ is selected frommethyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, or allyl.
 36. The compound of claim 33 wherein R₁₁ is selected from hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, CN, COOalkyl, COOaryl or combinations thereof; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; a unsubstituted or substituted C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three NO₂ groups, C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups, or C₁ to C₃ halogenated alkoxy groups.
 37. The compound of claim 36 wherein R₁₁ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, trifluorobutyl, trifluoropropyl, benzyl, methoxybenzyl, trifluoromethoxybenzyl, nitrobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl or cyclohexylmethyl.
 38. The compound of claim 31 wherein Y is SO₂.
 39. The compound of claim 31 selected from at least one of: 2-methyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-methyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-methyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-methyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-methyl-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-methyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-methyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-methyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-ethyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-ethyl-5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-ethyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-ethyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-ethyl-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-ethyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-ethyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(1 ,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-ethyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-propyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide 5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2-propyl -2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(1 ,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-propyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(1 ,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-isopropyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-butyl-5-(1 ,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(1 ,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-hexyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-isobutyl-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-isobutyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-isobutyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-isobutyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-isobutyl-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxid 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-isobutyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide 2-isobutyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-pentyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-pentyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-pentyl-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-pentyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-pentyl-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1dioxide; or 5-(1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-pentyl-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 40. The compound of claim 31 selected from at least one of: 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2-phenylethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2-phenylethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-(2-phenylethyl)-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2-phenylethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2-phenylethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(2-phenylethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-(2-phenylethyl)-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(3-phenylpropyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-ethyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(3-phenylpropyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-(3-phenylpropyl)-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(3-phenylpropyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(3-phenylpropyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2-(3-phenylpropyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-(4-propyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-butyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-(4-neopentyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; 5-(4-benzyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; or 2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-[4-(2-phenylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-2H-naphtho[1,8-cd]isothiazole 1,1-dioxide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 41. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is C and Y is SO or SO₂.
 42. The compound of claim 41 wherein R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are hydrogen.
 43. The compound of claim 42 wherein each of R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are hydrogen.
 44. The compound of claim 43 wherein R₁ and R_(1a) are independently selected from hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups; or R₁, and R_(1a) may form together with the carbon atom to which they are attached a C₄ to C₆ cycloalkyl group in spiro form.
 45. The compound of claim 44 wherein R₁ and R_(1a) are the same.
 46. The compound of claim 43 wherein R₁₁ is selected from hydrogen; an unsubstituted linear or branched saturated C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; a C₁ to C₆ linear or branched saturated alkyl group substituted with one to three halogens; an unsubstituted C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group; a C₃ to C₆ cycloalkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkyl groups; unsubstituted or substituted C₃ to C₁₀ alkenyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group; or a phenyl C₁ to C₃ alkyl group substituted with one to three C₁ to C₃ alkoxy groups or C₁ to C₃ halogenated alkoxy groups.
 47. The compound of claim 43 wherein Y is SO₂.
 48. A method for treating one or more conditions selected from schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder; depressive disorders, eating disorders, obesity, or anxiety disorders or combinations thereof comprising: administering to a mammal suffering from one or more of the conditions a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim
 1. 49. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 50. A compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein: X is C or N; Y is CH₂, C═O, S═O, or SO₂; Z is C; R₁, R_(1a) and R₁₁ are each independently selected from hydrogen, an alkyl or alkenyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, or an arylalkyl or heteroarylalkyl group, or when X is C, R₁ and R_(1a) may form together with the carbon atom to which they are attached a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group in spiro form; R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, or a cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, alkanoyl, CN, CHO, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, OCOOalkyl, OCOOaryl, OCONR₁₈, COOH, COOalkyl, COOaryl, CONR₁₈R₁₉, CONHOH, NR₁₈R₁₉, SO₂NR₁₈R₁₉, NO₂, NH₂, or OH group, where R₁₈ and R₁₉ are independently selected from hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, or an aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, COalkyl, COaryl, COheteroaryl, COOalkyl, COOaryl, COOheteroaryl, CONHalkyl, CON(alkyl)₂, CONHaryl, CONHheteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, S(O)_(m)-alkyl or S(O)_(m)-aryl group, where m is 0, 1 or 2; R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, or a cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or heteroaryl group; p is 1 when X is carbon, and p is zero when X is nitrogen; wherein aryl is

cycloheteroalkyl is

heteroaryl is

where a carbon of the cycloheteroalkyl may optionally be double bonded to either O or S where T is NR₁₈, O, or S, and where R₂₀ is hydrogen, halogen, an alkenyl or alkynyl group, a C₃ to C₈ cycloalkyl group, a cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, alkanoyl, CN, CHO, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, OCOOalkyl, OCOOaryl, OCONR₁₈, COOH, COOalkyl, COOaryl, CONR₁₈R₁₉, CONHOH, NR₁₈R₁₉, SO₂NR₁₈R₁₉, NO₂, NH₂, OH, S(O)_(m)-alkyl or S(O)_(m)-aryl group, where the alkyl or alkoxy groups of R₂₀ may be optionally substituted with one or more halogens; and wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl or cycloalkyl moiety of R₁, R_(1a), or R₂ to R₁₇ may optionally be substituted with one to three groups independently selected from R₂₀ and where any cycloheteroaryl moiety of R₁, R_(1a), or R₂ to R₁₇ may optionally be substituted with one to six groups independently selected from R₂₀.
 51. The compound of claim 50 wherein R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are hydrogen.
 52. The compound of claim 51 wherein each of R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, and R₁₇ are hydrogen.
 53. A method for treating one or more conditions selected from schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, depressive disorders, eating disorders, obesity, or anxiety disorders, or combinations thereof comprising: administering to a mammal suffering from one or more of the conditions a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim
 50. 54. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim 50 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 